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Water is the most vital natural resource for societies that crosses national borders in a relatively easy way. This makes its use and allocation often politicized and leads to the creation of various transboundary water cooperation arrangements, especially in the common rivers of several countries. Also, this valuable resource has always been a source of tension and competition among countries with a shared watershed. With the intensification of this competition for water between sectors, countries and regions along with water potential, the occurrence of conflicts has increased and endangers stability and peace at all scales. Considering this issue, its uneven distribution in different regions of the world and the common nature of many water resources between countries, the necessity of using water diplomacy is unavoidable. Water diplomacy is an emerging concept for addressing the political nature of transboundary cooperation and linking water with broader regional cooperation, geopolitics, and foreign policy. The present study was conducted with the aim of future research on water diplomacy in Iran's foreign policy with the combined research method. Based on the findings of the research, firstly, it was concluded that Iran's hydropolitic situation in the field of border rivers with Afghanistan, despite the bilateral agreements, has always been accompanied by challenges and with Turkmenistan, it has been accompanied by the implementation of bilateral obligations. Secondly, the policy-making system, political relations, national security and economic diplomacy as strategic policies effective on diplomatic relations have a direct effect on Iran's foreign policy. In the end, integrated and comprehensive management of water resources, one-way monitoring of resources against interactive and convergence strategy, containment and monitoring of water resources and tension and conflict were presented as possible scenarios for the future of diplomatic relations between Iran, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan.

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The aim of this research is to investigate the factors affecting cooperation between non-state actors and nation states, and the factors affecting conflicts between them in these relations and their impact on global governance. One of the goals of this research is to develop strategies and solutions to strengthen cooperation and manage conflicts in global governance. The proposed hypothesis is that effective cooperation between non-state actors and nation states leads to the strengthening of global governance, while conflicts and disputes between them lead to the weakening of global governance, challenging its power, and disrupting systems. The next hypothesis is that institutional reforms, multilateral cooperation, and legal frameworks can help resolve conflicts and strengthen the equitable distribution of power between non-state actors and nation states. Examining challenges and opportunities in cooperation and conflict between non-state actors and nation states and proposing strategies to strengthen cooperation and manage conflicts in global governance are among the goals of this research. In addition, this research aims to contribute to the body of knowledge in this field by developing frameworks that promote just global governance.